indicating that opposition to God lurks in the garden. Serpents in the Mosaic community were classified among the unclean animals because of their movement on the ground (Lev 11:41–45) and were associated with the judgment of God for Israel’s complaints against God in the wilderness (“venomous snakes,” Num 21:6). Furthermore, the snake occurs in ancient Near Eastern imagery as antithetical to creation, representing powerful forces that oppose the creator-god. This imagery occurs in 1:21, where the
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